Social science sources AND literature have offered various views on the issue of growth AND development of sociology in Iran. Some scholars believe sociology in Iran has required a desirable expansion due to lack of theory making AND it has not grown in accordance to the present needs AND challenges.However, given the present circumstances AND the conditions of human sciences AND sociology in Iran, there are some others who believe sociology has had the sufficient expansion. Mentioning to the amount of scientific productions in this field they give a good credit to its existence.These scholars make a rosy picture for the future of sociology in Iran. Different factors could be considered in explaining this subject. Without involving in development or under development debates of sociology of Iran, this article aims to give an analytical model for further expansion of sociology in Iran. It has done by using interviews with a number of sociology scholars AND by looking at different theoretical approaches associated with sociological growth in a particular society such as Iran.Through this model some hypotheses can be deducted which can be used in other objective AND systematic studies. Theories of Emile Durkheim, Tomas Kuhn, Karl Manheim AND Michael Mulkay, the outstANDing theorists in area of theory AND thought in knowledge AND science sociology, have been used in this article. The paper has applied mainly analytical-documentary AND qualitative method AND structured interview.

In this experiment, the effect of garlic (GP) AND tomato (TP) powders on performance, blood parameters, sex DIFFERENTIATION AND hatchability of Ross-308 broiler breeders were examined AND compared with In-Ovo injection of garlic or tomato hydroalcoholic extracts. In first experiment, 375 hens AND 25 roosters (47 wk.) were rANDomly allocated to 5 treatments AND 5 replicates, for 4 weeks. Treatments included: 1) basal diet (control), 2 AND 3) basal diet+ 2 AND 4 percent of GP, AND 4 AND 5) basal diet + 2 AND 4 percent of TP, respectively. In second experiment, 200 hens AND 20 roosters were rANDomly allocated to 2 treatments including 1) basal diet AND 2) basal diet + 4% of TP (selected treatment of the Exp. 1) in 5 replications from 52-56 wk. During incubation period, experimental treatments included: 1) control group, 2) eggs from hens fed 4% TP, 3) In-Ovo injection of physiological serum AND 4 AND 5) In-Ovo injection of 0.1 AND 0.3 ml of garlic AND tomato hydroalcoholic extracts. The results of first experiment, adding garlic AND tomato powders was not significant on egg qualitative traits AND blood parameters (P>0.05). All In-Ovo injection treatments increased fertility percentage (P<0.05). The second experiment results showed that treatments had no significant effect on the percent of males AND females (P>0.05). In general, addition of 4 percent tomato powder to broiler breeders in comparison to In-Ovo injection of hydroalcoholic extracts of garlic AND tomato, did not increase male 1-d-old chicks’ percentage of hatched chicks.

In processes of psychotherapy associated with prominent psychodynamic AND behavioral paradigms, change AND transformation of the self are achieved through self-knowledge AND cognitive-behavioral practices. Perceived self-efficacy is a common cognitive mechanism described by BANDura to account for change in behavior resulting from diverse modes of treatment. This article differentiates levels of explanation for the changes that occur in psychotherapies. Psychopathology is attributed to a maladaptive synthesis of schemes (both overt AND internalized), AND mechanisms of change in psychotherapy involve the DIFFERENTIATION, analysis, AND re-INTEGRATION of schemes that lead to more adaptive from of psychological functioning like perceived self-efficacy. DIFFERENTIATION AND analysis requires a capacity to know AND tolerate schemes that should be differentiated AND analyzed due to the painful emotions associated with them. The development of such capacity requires practice AND lead to an understANDing. Behavioral-cognitive rehearsal AND special psychodynamic forms of self-knowledge are increasing the capacity to face AND understAND (intellectual-emotional AND reflective-experiential terms) the specific painful, affect-laden schemes which serve as the origin of symptoms. Within this perspective, three layers of factors in mechanism of AND consequences of psychotherapy should be differentiated.DIFFERENTIATION, analysis, AND INTEGRATION of schemes are for the middle, self- knowledge for the first AND perceived self- efficacy for the lost layer of the explanation associative networks. This conceptualization is discussed within a Pageant framework.

Purpose: The flourishing of political parties AND currents is one of the signs of the degree of development in societies. In contemporary Iran AND since the formation of the constitutional movement, political currents have gone through many ups AND downs AND it can be said that political currents in Iran after the Islamic Revolution have not yet reached the stage of institutionalization AND stability. A characteristic feature of political currents in Iran is the divergence AND division among political currents in recent decades, AND this can be one of the reasons for the instability AND cross-sectional AND seasonal activity of political parties in Iran. Therefore, the necessity of leading research seeks to answer the question of how factors AND divergence among political currents in Iran after the victory of the Islamic Revolution can be analyzed? AND what are the scenarios for the advancement of political currents in Iran?Method: To answer this question, the method of causal-layer analysis, which is one of the qualitative methods in futures research, has been used.Findings: The research findings indicate that this divergence is due to a wide range of reasons from the level of causal systems (from the institutionalization of power to the formation of parties as elitist initiatives), worldview AND discourse (from charismatic political authority to culture). Subsidiary-follower politics to myth-metaphor (Iranian individualism to belief in a strong state-weak society) can be analyzed.Conclusions: Three scenarios for the future of Iranian political currents can be considered: INTEGRATION of currents as the security valve of the political system, the collapse of political currents in the traditional form, INTEGRATION AND consolidation in new social movements (virtualized parties).

Quine selects the scope of prediction AND test of research in. In ' evidence' chapter he says that the forming of the critical systems starts with the stimulus of the senses, which gives us, the observation sentences. The observation categoricals are deduced from them. Tests are on the basis of these categoricals. He says he does not believe in the Cartesian scientific certainty, AND then mentions his' theory of naturalized Epistemology' as an alternative way

The existence of pluralities in the world is an undeniable fact. Realistic epistemology only denies the EPISTEMOLOGICAL pluralism rather than its other varieties. Some of the pluralities should be accepted, for they depend on objectivities AND are the source of effects. Ontological pluralism is one of the foundations of EPISTEMOLOGICAL pluralism which enjoy various versions. There is certain criticism against its foundations.Psychological foundation of knowledge stems from Kant’s ideas. By developing certain mental patterns he proved that knowledge is the result of the interaction of the mental patterns with the world outside. Though this is only an unfounded claim. The EPISTEMOLOGICAL foundations of EPISTEMOLOGICAL pluralism contradict the correspondence theory of truth. This theory was more successful in comparison to other theories on truth.The linguistic foundations of pluralism found its expression in Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics. This theory also suffers from certain shortcomings.

Faith is one of the basic concepts in the philosophy of religion, which forms the foundation of many new issues in contemporary religious epistemology. Untangling issues such as the relationship between faith AND rationality is based on understANDing faith AND explaining its essential elements. Faith, both in religious AND philosophical works, covers a range of different meanings from knowledge, belief, acceptance, feeling to trust AND act, hence it has an ambiguous AND challenging nature. This ambiguity in the quiddity of faith has also spread to secondary philosophical issues, so that some questions about the rationality of faith remain unsolved. It shows the necessity of reviewing the nature of faith AND refining philosophical AND religious theories. The present article with a critical-analytical approach aims to explain faith based on EPISTEMOLOGICAL AND non-EPISTEMOLOGICAL components to show that faith has a multiple nature, AND ignoring each of them leads to an incomplete AND insufficient understANDing of the meaning of faith. According to the results of the present research, faith is a reality made of knowledge AND belief, arising from acknowledge AND trust, medley of feeling AND action, but has an independent nature AND cannot be reduced to any of the mentioned components alone. Reductionism in the nature of faith causes the challenge of faith AND rationality. In determining the main core of faith, if the EPISTEMOLOGICAL components are the foundation of other components in such a way that the non-EPISTEMOLOGICAL components are based on it, the right relation between faith AND rationality is established.

Since Critical Rationalism is considered by some more of an attitude or mindset AND by others a methodological approach to philosophical thinking AND practical problem-solving, its application, or more accurately, its EPISTEMOLOGICAL testing grounds, should be expected to be much more wide-ranging than they have been so far. With the exception of some published anthologies on Critical Rationalism AND occasional nods to the legacy of Karl Popper’s falsificationist methodology, relatively few applicaions of a critical rational approach to contemporary theoretical debates in the social sciences have been published. I wish here to critically challenge the (optimistic) Hegelian AND by extension the neoliberal view of the progress of American capitalism by reframing it with the Marxian notion of expropriation as applied to enslavement on plantations. The logic of enslavement as a process by which brutal exploitation has been practiced for centuries offers a falsifying test case of the rationality of capitalism AND its promise of individual freedom of choice. This essay is an explicit exercise in the potential power of a version of Popperian critical rationalism being applied to the intersection of modern liberalism AND capitalism, exploring the imbrication of a critical AND rational analysis.